Linux Server Details

ajaxterm

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Ajaxterm = Ajaxterm - Web Based SSH Terminal Client = If you are behind a firewall, and only have internet access through a restrictive proxy server, you will have to use a Web Based SSH terminal client. Note: the performance is severely below that of Putty. I suggest you exhaust all possibilities of using any available Socks and Http Proxies from within Putty.

alias

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Alias alias ls=“ls --color” alias //with no options lists current alias's unalias ls // remove alias ls This can be also very useful for the rm command! ---------- More info at:

anyterm

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Anyterm Preamble * Anyterm provides a web interface to ssh. * Debian Testing (etch) is Required!!!!! * A significant amount of memory (+128mb) is required for compiling * Compiling can be messy as there are several libraries required Get Anyterm

apache_2_ssl_-_php4_-_mysql_4.1

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Apache_2_&_SSL_-_PHP4_-_MySQL_4.1 Installing Apache2, PHP4 and MySQL Installing Apache, PHP and MySQL is very simple - if the following steps are adhered to. 1. Install MySQL: apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client libmysqlclient12-dev Not sure about requiring libmysqlclient12-dev, but will check out.

apache

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T23:39:04+00:00

Apache Apache Tips & Tricks: To provide a seamless Redirect from to The code should go into the specific Virtual Host or apache2.conf (httpd.conf on apache 1.3): Redirect 301 /site http://newwebsite/site Redirect 301 / http://newweb/ RedirectMatch 301 ^/ http://new-website.com/ #The above can be in a directory x levels deep. RedirectMatch 302 ^/ /temporary-offline.html

apache2_ssl_php5_mysql5

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-24T16:41:36+00:00

Apache2_SSL_PHP5_MySQL5 Install apt-get install apache2 libapache2-mod-php5 mysql-server php5-mysql /etc/init.d/apache2 restart #I found that I had to restart apache once more to get php to work. phpinfo test vi /var/www/phpinfo.php #Add in the following:

authed_outgoing_smtp_with_postfix_and_mysql

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Authed_Outgoing_SMTP_with_Postfix_and_MySQL This page shows the main elements of configuring postfix and saslauth to authenticate users from a MySQL database. I think this request sparked off from gmail having the ability to let people send emails through their own smtp server (as opposed to googles).

automate_taking_screenshots_of_webpages

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Automate_taking_screenshots_of_webpages Intro I wanted to setup cron to take screenshots of various websites on a daily basis. There are different approaches available. One is using wkhtmltopdf (still requires additional packages), another is using

awstats

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Awstats Awstats is an Alternative application to that of Webalizer. There are more problems with security however.
/home/user/awstats/awstats.pl -config=user
/home/user/awstats/awstats.pl -config=user -output -staticlinks > /home/user/public_html/stats1/index.html

backup_mysql_database_script

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-20T23:06:04+00:00

Backup_mysql_database_script #!/bin/bash # Created by Bryan Le Gear - Skynet 2005/10/12 # # This script must be run by dbadmin # and this user must have the root password # configured in ~/.my.cnf #
COMPRESS=gzip MYSQLDUMP=mysqldump MYSQLDUMP_ARGS="-u root -p --lock-tables=false --all-databases" CURRDATE=`date +%d-%m-%Y` BACKUPDIR=/home/backup OUTFILE=$BACKUPDIR/mysqlbackup_$CURRDATE.sql.gz echo echo "Backing up to: " $OUTFILE echo "Compressing using: " $COMPRESS …

backup_via_web_download

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Backup_via_web_download Backup Via wget Also does a continual log wget -O = write to the approriate file and concatenate #!/bin/bash x=1 while $x do wget -O active.txt sleep 500 done

base_install_of_debian_sarge_with_raid

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Base_Install_of_Debian_Sarge_with_RAID RAID 1 and mdadm This is a “How to” setup for RAID 1 on Linux. It is applied to Debian sarge, however through the use of mdadm (multiple devices admin) it should be able to work on various Linux installs.

base_install_of_debian_sarge

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T23:14:26+00:00

Base_Install_of_Debian_Sarge The CD used was obtained from: which provides a “Minimal CD” from which to install the base Debian Sarge. All other packages are downloaded seperately from the Internet via APT. The “Official netinst images for the

base_install_of_debian_squeeze

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Base_Install_of_Debian_Squeeze I had to install Debian Squeeze on a Dell R415 recently and ran into some issues. The Broadcom Network card was not picked up by the Debian netinstall ISO ( ). I thought about downloading the 4GB DVD in the thinking that it might have the drivers, but it doesn't. Debians official installation ISOs do not include any non-free (closed) firmware or drivers.

bash

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Bash Change the Shell Prompt I found that particularly with Centos 5, that the default shell prompt for root was terrible. It did not show the pwd, user or host! Before -bash-3.1# ls Showing no present working directory, no current username, no hostname

basic_setup_of_xen3.2_32bit

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Basic_Setup_of_Xen3.2_32bit Background to 32bit Xen This is on a server with 8GB of RAM. It had a bigmem kernel installed to begin with. The default 32bit Xen kernel that comes with Debian has PAE enabled, allowing all of the 8GB of RAM to be seen by Xen. Below is the output of free and uname -a.

benchmark_tests

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Benchmark_tests Benchmark Disk Write Speeds time dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/tmp/file.out bs=1k count=1024

cat

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Cat CAT - To read out a file. cat file.txt To append one file to the end of another, enter: cat section1.4 > > section1 The > > (two carets) appends a copy of section1.4 to the end of section1. If you want to replace the file, use the > (caret).

change_from_dhcp_to_manual_ip

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Change_from_DHCP_to_Manual_IP The Network options are chosen during the Base Install. If you wish to use DHCP or Manual IP follow the details below:
Edit the file -> /etc/network/interfaces For Manual IP Config: # The loopback network interface auto lo iface lo inet loopback
# The primary network interface auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static

check_when_a_fsck_is_due

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Check_when_a_fsck_is_due Note: this is for Debian/Ubuntu Systems. When applying kernel upgrades, typically a reboot is required. Typically a FSCK (disk check) is scheuled every 6 months (or number of mount times). A fsck can take quite a long time to scan the disks to see if there are any errors, especially with large disks. Wouldn't it be nice to know if a fsck will happen at the next reboot? And then you can plan for more downtime.

chmod

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Chmod chmod - change permissions on files Note: This is only a Basic guide to chmod, covering some niche areas. To see the current permissions on files and directories (folders): sburke@server:~$ ls -la -rwx---r-x 1 sburke users 1834 2006-09-07 17:48 .bashrc drwxr-xr-x 2 sburke users 4096 2006-10-21 17:08 public_html -rw-r

chown

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Chown Syntax: chown -R user:group directory Example: chown -R kartbuilding:Kartbuilding public_html/

chsh

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Chsh Change a Users Login Shell for Abuse/Unpaid Fees etc. This will prevent a User from logging into the system via ssh/samba etc. The Message etc. must be in /etc/shells. The -s option makes it NOT interactive for the user to select shell. chsh -s /etc/messages/message user

convert_mbox_to_maildir_for_all_users

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Convert_mbox_to_Maildir_for_all_users #!/bin/bash for user in `ls /tmp/test_maildir/stevemail/` do mkdir /var/mail/$user chown $user.users /var/mail/$user su - $user -c "mb2md -s /tmp/test_maildir/stevemail/$user -d /var/mail/$user/" -s /bin/bash

corkscrew_-_ssh_over_https

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Corkscrew_-_ssh_over_https = CorkScrew - A Tool for Tunnelling SSH over HTTP Proxies etc. = Situation: You want to ssh (via bash/linux command line) to a computer via a HTTP/Socks Proxy from a computer with NO external access. The SSH command itself is not able to use a proxy in order to access external computers. A tunnelling application called corkscrew is required. Here are the steps involved:

courier_imaps_server_-_maildir

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-20T22:48:00+00:00

Courier_IMAPS_Server_-_Maildir 1. Install Courier apt-get install courier-imap This will pull down all relevant packages Chose defaults when installing. No to web-based administration. Ok to default cert. (see more later) 2. Main Config is naturly enough in /etc/courier Nothing is chanced in Courier Configs 3. To get postfix handing off to Courier:

create_centos5_domu_on_debian_etch_dom0

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Create_Centos5_DomU_on_Debian_Etch_Dom0 This article will show you how to setup, install and config a Guest Centos5 Xen Virtual Server ontop of a Debian Etch Xen Install. This setup presumes you have a working Xen install (xen3) on a Debian Etch Server

create_domu

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Create_DomU Creating a Virtual Server - domU There are 3 options of what to run DomU on: * File Based Image * LVM Based * Physical Partition 1. A file based image is the quickest to setup, however has poor/terrible IO performance. The virtual server is limited to the initial size of the image created also. The file based Image can however be easily mounted in a rescue system, and easily backed-up.

create_favicon.ico

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Create_favicon.ico = Create a favicon.ico for a website = After spending quite a while with gimp and other image programs, I realised the following: convert testico.jpg -resize 16×16! fav.ico //Job Done P.S. make sure to empty any browser history etc.

crontab

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Crontab Cron - Scheduler
Cron = daemon to execute scheduled commands
Crontab = maintain crontab files for individual users Cron is done by two methods: * In the directories /etc/cron.d /etc/cron.daily etc..... * In crontabs cron.d = highly configurable cron - equivalent of crontab for the system

dante_socks_server

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Dante_Socks_Server When working on a private LAN with no direct internet access available, squid is normally used a proxy server for internet and ftp traffic. SSH or scp (or other traffic) however, will require a SOCKS server in order to reach the internet.

debian_etch_xen_install

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Debian_Etch_Xen_Install = Install Xen with Debian Etch = Backup any Previous Boot and Xen Configs cp -R /etc/xen /root/ cp -R /boot /root/ Uninstall any previous Xen software If you are running an old Xen, the software and kernel can be removed while in dom0 (base xen instance). dpkg -l | grep -i xen apt-get remove xen-tools etc.

debian_logs

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Debian_logs All explained here:

All Default Logs are configured via this Conf file:
/etc/syslog.conf ---------- A Special Log File called admin.log is setup to catch Important information such as Failed Logins etc. Edit /etc/syslog.conf and include: *.emerg /var/log/admin.log *.alert /var/log/admin.log *.crit /var/log/admin.log *.err /var/log/admin.log *.warn /var/log/admin.log

details_installation_set-up_of_debian_based_linux_servers

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-20T22:51:39+00:00

Details, Installation, & Set-up of Debian based Linux Servers Server set-up and Associated Details Typical SERVER SET-UP * Base Install of Debian Sarge / Base Install of Debian Squeeze * #or Base Install of Debian Sarge with RAID * Change from DHCP to Manual IP * How to obtain Packages using APT Range of SERVICEs, and INSTALLATION HOW-To's All these services are based on a Debian base install using the current stable Debian Sarge, unless specifically stated otherwise. Similiarly, al…

details_installation_set-up_of_debian_based_servers

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Details,_Installation,_&_Set-up_of_Debian_based_Servers #redirect Details, Installation, & Set-up of Debian based Linux Servers

dict

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Dict Dictionary via a Server dict word

dist-upgrading_hardy_to_lucid

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Dist-upgrading_hardy_to_lucid As much as I tried, “do-release-upgrade” did not want to upgrade for me to Lucid LTS. apt-get install update-manager-core vi /etc/update-manager/release-upgrades Prompt=lts root@caro:~# do-release-upgrade Checking for a new ubuntu release No new release found #I tried every switch, -d etc. Still didn't work

dns_-_bind9

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T23:57:20+00:00

DNS_-_Bind9 Originally the Domain Register took care of any DNS entries relating to the Domain selected - kartbuilding.net To setup Bind9 locally: apt-get install bind9 This should install and work ok. Note: Firewall rules are required. See Firewall section. In order to start using bind locally, edit /etc/resolv.conf

dns

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Dns = DNS Tips and Tricks = Perform a Reverse DNS Lookup dig -x ip.address

dnstunnel

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Dnstunnel = Tunnel SSH over DHS = If you are on a network, and you dont have access to a Proxy, or you have to pay for a proxy, then it might be possible to get free internet access....albeit at modem (~56kbit) speeds. Conditions :1. You must be able to join the network, and you must be able to do

duplicity_-_secure_incremental_backup

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-24T00:14:57+00:00

Duplicity_-_secure_incremental_backup = Duplicity - Secure (gpg) Incremental (diff) Compressed Backup (tar) = About Duplicity Encrypted Backup Duplicity is a stable Debian package used for Encrypted backup using rsync algorithm. The benefits of duplicity are as follows:

ffmpeg

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Ffmpeg = FFMPEG - Video Editing Application = Install ffmpeg Install ffmpeg Plain apt-get install ffmpeg Install ffmpeg with MP3 support This above step will install ffmpeg and only the basic codecs. Note: the mp3 audio codec is missing from the package above.

file_permissions

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

File_Permissions File Permissions and chmod Original = Permission Binary Octal
rwx 111 7 rw- 110 6 r-x 101 5 r-- 100 4 -wx 011 3 -w- 010 2 --x 001 1 --- 000 0

find_log_files_and_copy_to_a_folder

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Find_log_files_and_copy_to_a_folder Copies all apache log files to a new folder to analyse or run webalizer against etc. #!/bin/bash for logfile in `ls /var/log/apache2/ | grep -v gz | grep -v .1` do cp /var/log/apache2/$logfile /var/tmp/apachelog/

find_remove_an_old_ssh_key_for_all_users

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Find_&_Remove_an_old_SSH_Key_for_all_users With changing to a new mailserver, we had to revoke individual sshkeys in known_hosts, and add in a default system one instead. #!/bin/bash # Script to find old ssh keys of mail on oldserver, and to comment them out.

find

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Find = Find - search for files = Typically I used “ls -laR | grep needle” and while it worked, it was limited. Find is much more useful and can be used to create powerful scripts. find all zip files and unzip them find . -type f -iname “*zip

firefox_and_java_plugin

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Firefox_and_Java_Plugin Install Firefox on Debian This is the easy part. apt-get install mozilla-firefox Install Java Plugin for Firefox on Debian Download Java as per instructions already outlined here: Sun_jdk Test to see if java works (or exists) - type: java -version

fork_bomb_-_dos_a_linux_server_via_command_line

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Fork_bomb_-_DOS_a_Linux_Server_via_command_line I was testing Virtual Machines running on KVM and wanted to see what would happen when the VM guest would use up all memory, start swapping and use 100% cpu. Fork Bomb: :(){ :|:& };:

ftp

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

FTP Advanced FTP Commands quote SITE HELP //shows all available SITE FTP commands quote SITE QUOTA //shows quota ---------- More Info: Calculate Disk / Directory Usage on FTP Server export TEST=0 for size in `echo ls directory_name | lftp -u user,pass ftpserver | awk '{ print $5 }'` ; do export TEST=$

further_issues_upgrading_to_lenny

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Further_issues_upgrading_to_Lenny = Issues and Problems encountered when dist-upgrading Etch to Debian Lenny = As the list on the homepage of this wiki was getting large, I had to put this sub page. munin with cgi So basically after I dist-upgraded to Lenny, munin graphs would not generate via the cgi script in /usr/lib/cgi-bin/munin-cgi-graph

getent

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Getent getent - get Entries from Admin Database //List all entries in /etc/passwd file getent passwd

gnupg

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-10-21T23:47:06+00:00

Gnupg GNUPG HOW-TO Run the following from a linux based operating system (e.g. debian) and accept the defaults. Note, it may take some time to generate the random information. gpg --gen-key To see all the keys - yours and your friends etc.: gpg --list-keys

grep

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Grep To Find Text in a File(s) grep needle haystack.file or to search for text in a Directory grep -Ri needle /path/haystack/ the -i ignores case.

head

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

HEAD = HEAD - Simple command line user agent = This perl program (which is default on most *nix systems) gets the full header from webservers. Simple as. HEAD burkesys.com Great for finding out OS/Server details and debugguing issues such as caching etc.

hellanzb

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Hellanzb apt-get install hellanzb vi /etc/hellanzb.conf Important config in above conf: Hellanzb.PREFIX_DIR = '/home/linuxmce/hellanzb/' Hellanzb.SKIP_UNRAR = False #Thats about it. You can set the LOG also. Daemon Mode: hellanzb -D Refs:

history

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

History history Shows a history of commands entered, similar to .bash_history.

how_to_obtain_packages_using_apt

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-22T19:06:18+00:00

How_to_obtain_Packages_using_APT APT (Advanced Packaging Tool) About APT APT provides an effective way of installing packages and programs. Default settings are created and in some cases default users are created for managing the services and/or programs. APT handles all shared modules, dependencies and libraries of tools. When installing a program via APT - the default locations within Linux (Debian) should be consulted. The following directories are where files are stored after APT - and ar…

how_to_upgrade_sarge_to_etch_via_apt

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

How_to_Upgrade_Sarge_to_Etch_via_apt Background Reading Tips Use screen Use script Configure Apt Sources vi /etc/apt/sources.list #Include the following: deb stable main deb stable/updates main Upgrade apt-get update apt-get dist-upgrade //if anything breaks on dist-upgrade, do: apt-get -f dist-upgrade

htop

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Htop htop - Interactive Process Viewer htop is similar to top, but allows to scroll the list vertically and horizontally to see all processes and their full command lines. apt-get install htop htop

ifup-ifdown

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Ifup-ifdown ifup - ifdown restart networking on a DHCP network. ifdown eth0 ifup eth0 /etc/init.d/ifupdown eth0 :- this doesn't seem to properly deactivate and reactive the network with dhcp etc. Manual restart of Networking eth0 etc. As mentioned above, /etc/init.d/ifupdown doesn't fully deactive and reactive eth0, and instead just flushes it etc. In order to manually restart eth0, /etc/init.d/ifdown eth0 must be called. If this is done however and there is no physical access to the ser…

increase_size_of_raw_disk_image_with_partitions

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Increase_size_of_raw_disk_image_with_partitions So there are a few ways out there for this. There is also a new virt-resize tool for resizing a VM disk with partitions. Having LVM inside the VM guest is another method. This method covers: * Using LV (lvm) for a Guest (which has partitons, one for root and one for swap.)

install_and_config_base_os

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Install_and_Config_Base_OS = Initial Setup = Reboot into Hetzner's Rescue System. I was going to use Debian's AMD64 (which is not related to AMD processors!) Anyways - 32bit Etch. Configure for raid1, /boot for ext2 and / for dom0-root. PART 1 /boot ext2 256M PART 2 lvm vg0 all LV vg0 root / ext3 30G

ip_kvm_serial_console_switch

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

IP_KVM_Serial_Console_Switch Introduction to KVM over IP Serial Console I recently setup a IP KVM Serial Console Switch which will allow get a Serial Console on some Linux Servers. There was a lot more involved in the setup than I originally thought. (Model: F1DP116SEA )

iptables_firewall

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-23T00:14:52+00:00

Iptables Firewall Iptables is tool used to configure firewall rules. There are various firewall programs available in most Linux OSs which sit on top of and use iptable commands. However I prefer to use a simple bash .sh script to set my custom firewall rules.

iptables_forward

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Iptables_forward Problem:
Computer A (Internal Win2k)-------: IP: 10.0.0.1
Computer B (Linux Box)------------: IP: 136.201.105.2
Computer C (General Internet pc)--: IP: 136.206.111.3

Computer B has 1 network card. It is on the same

ipv6_setup_on_kvm_host_and_guest_vms

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

IPv6_Setup_on_KVM_Host_and_Guest_VMs

Note: This page on IPv6 and KVM is currently a Work in Progress

irssi

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Irssi IRC and IRSSI - Internet Chat (Client) To startup IRSSI and connect to an IRC server: irssi -c servername To list available channels to join - type: /list ('-yes' may be required) /join #foobar (joins the foobar channel) /w (shows who's who)

issue_with_mounting_root_on_a_raid1_partition

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Issue_with_mounting_root_on_a_raid1_partition Problem not found yet It could be the fact that you do NOT have to edit /etc/initramfs-tools/modules and add in support for raid1. This may counteract and could be the problem. Here is the debian docs for raid and etch:

kill_killall

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Kill,_killall = To terminate/end a Process = The proper way to end a task/service is via: /etc/init.d/service stop|restart If the service, or process isn't behaving, you can kill it with: kill PID #kills the PID #To find out the PID use “ps -eaf

kvm_setup_on_debian_jessie

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

KVM_Setup_on_Debian_Jessie = Setup Base OS = I used hetzner's “installimage” to create RAID + LVM. installimage -> Debian -> Debian-86-jessie-64-minimal -> Hostname enterservername -> PART /boot ext3 512M -> PART lvm vg0 all

kvm_setup_on_debian_lenny

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

KVM_Setup_on_Debian_Lenny All the following is done on a base install of Debian Lenny running a x64 kernel (2.6.26-2-amd64). In the case below it was done on a remote server with only ssh access to the host. LVM was already setup on the Debian Lenny Host and is used to give a LV to the VMs.

kvm_setup_on_debian_squeeze

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

KVM_Setup_on_Debian_Squeeze KVM on Debian Squeeze is much better and smoother than it was on Lenny. In Squeeze, you can specify virtio with virt-install amongst a lot of other enhancements. All the following was done on a base install of Debian Squeeze with a kernel of 2.6.32-5-amd64. LVM was already setup on the KVM Host.

ldap

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Ldap Lightweight Directory Access Protocol Ldap commands: ldapsearch -x //list all ldap info for users ldapsearch -x uid=username //list ldap info for a particular user ldapmodify echo “dn: uid=$User,ou=People,dc=skynet,dc=ie loginShell: $Shell

limit_user_resources

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Limit_User_resources 1. As root: vi /etc/security/limits.conf #add the following line, where steve is the user: sburke hard nproc 5 #save and close the text editor. #The user will not be able to run more than 5 processes at the same time. 2. ssh sburke@localhost ps -eaf | grep sburke | ls /var/tmp | less -bash: fork: Resource temporarily unavailable

links_to_scripts_and_cmdline_tricks

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Links_to_scripts_and_cmdline_tricks 1. 2.

linode-server-setup

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Linode-server-setup Firewall On a VPS it is easiest just to have a iptables script for the firewall. Here's how. Debian Lenny. vi /etc/init.d/firewall.sh #!/bin/sh IPTABLES=/sbin/iptables $IPTABLES -F INPUT $IPTABLES -F OUTPUT $IPTABLES -F FORWARD $IPTABLES -F POSTROUTING -t nat $IPTABLES -F PREROUTING -t nat

locale

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Locale = Changing / Fixing the System Locale = If you are “apt-get upgrade” etc. and you get something similar to this error: perl: warning: Setting locale failed. perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings: LANGUAGE = "en_US:en_GB:en", LC_ALL = (unset), LANG = "en" are supported and installed on your system.

ls

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Ls ls - List Files List all files with full details ( option a ), in order of time ( option t ). ls -lat

lsof

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Lsof List all Open Files lsof

lspci

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Lspci LSPCI - List all PCI Devices lspci ---------- Got from wiki.skynet.ie Cheers davisc

lvm_on_xen_dom0

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

LVM_on_XEN_(dom0) LVM (Linux Volume Manager) is installed on the Free/Unallocated space LVM allows for great flexibility when allocating Hard disk partitions. The reason partitions are used is because: of seperate xen host servers, and for providing for a more stable server: if /var/tmp is filled up - the server can still function, as other partitions are unaffected.

mail_-_mutt_etc

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Mail_-_mutt_etc Send File via mail on the Command Line apt-cache search sharutils //sharutils is required for uuencode (echo Email Body Text; uuencode ~/file1.zip file1.zip;) | mail -s “Email Subject” recipient@example.com Thunderbird picks up nicely on the attachment. Pine or Mutt doesnt show up the image as nice and will require further trickery. Ref:

mailman

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-24T16:56:32+00:00

Mailman Mailman - Emailing List Server Mailman in this case was installed on a seperate server - lists.server.com. This server has apache2, postfix and mailman running. To setup, see below: 1. Install Mailman & required Apps apt-get install mailman apt-get install postfix #exim is default in debian. apt-get install apache2 #if its not already installed.

main_page

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Main_Page #REDIRECT Details, Installation, & Set-up of Debian based Linux Servers

manage_xend

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Manage_XEND Managing Xen Virtual Machines Xend can only be managed on dom0, as it has only exlusive access to the hardware. As a result, any temperature or SMART/Disk Monitoring must be done here also. The basic commands are: xm list xm top To get a list of all the XEND control options type: xm

mediawiki

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Mediawiki Upgrade Mediawiki #cd /home/mediawiki/ #tar -cf mediawiki.tar public_html #cp mediawiki.tar /root #mysqldump wikidb > mediawiki.sql #cd /root #wget #tar xvfz mediawiki-1.14.0.tar.gz #Copy across files, overwriting files!! #cp -R mediawiki-1.14.0/* /home/mediawiki/public_html

memory_management

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Memory_management Memory Management Tools free cat /proc/meminfo dmesg The output of /proc/meminfo: Committed_AS An estimate of how much RAM you would need to make a 99.99% guarantee that there never is OOM (out of memory) for this workload. Normally the kernel will overcommit memory. That means, say you do a 1GB malloc, nothing happens, really. Only when you start USING that malloc memory you will get real memory on demand, and just as much as you use. So you sort of take a mortgage and…

migrate_xen_based_vm_domu_to_kvm_based_vm

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Migrate_Xen_based_VM_(domU)_to_KVM_based_VM Xen VMs do not have bootable disks. I.E. there is typically no grub config to worry about as a Xen kernel is used to boot DomU's. KVM however “typically” allows guest VMs to run unmodified kernels and as a result typically have disks and partitions including a /boot and grub mbr.

minor_snmp_issue

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Minor_snmp_Issue = snmp issue in upgrading from sarge to etch = After upgrading from Debian sarge to etch, there was a problem with snmp on one of my servers. No snmp information could be obtained. Note: this problem only occurred when I upgrade to etch on 10th of April, 2007. A previously upgraded server to etch, a few months previous did not have this problem.

mount_an_iso_cd_image_on_linux

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Mount_an_ISO_(CD_Image)_on_linux mount -o loop -t iso9660 /path/to/image.iso /mnt/ Problem - ISO-13346 "UDF" file system I recently got the following error when I tried the above: server:/mnt# ls -la total 5 dr-xr-xr-x 1 root root 112 Aug 31 2009 . drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 Mar 28 2009 .. -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 135 Aug 31 2009 readme.txt server:/mnt# cat readme.txt This disc contains a

mount_kvm_file_based_image_disk.img_on_host_computer

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Mount_kvm_file_based_image_(disk.img)_on_host_computer Xen based disk images are of course easy to mount as they don't have a mbr or partitions. KVM however requires a disk image with boot, swap and extended partitions. As a result mounting a KVM disk based image is a little different, but as it turns out, quite easy.

moving_from_xen_backports_to_debian_etch_xen_packages_-_attempt1

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Moving_from_Xen_Backports_to_Debian_Etch_Xen_Packages_-_Attempt1 = Overview = With Debian sarge I used Xen from Debian Backports. Due to the DS3000 hardware I was using, only 1 particular kernel worked successfully, i.e. linux-image-2.6.16-1-xen-k7 as described here:

munin_statistics

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-21T23:06:24+00:00

Munin_Statistics Similiar to MRTG graphs showing Network Usage, Munin is monitoring system used to produce graphs of usage of key areas in the running of a server. Munin can produce graphs of: * Disk Usage * Mysql * Network (similar to mrtg)

mysql

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-20T23:15:00+00:00

MySQL Common MYSQL Commands Update information in a Table: update table set email='email@test.com' where ref_no='x'; Alter the Structure of a Table: alter table abstract_submit modify surname varchar(250); alter table paper_submit add (abstract text); alter table paper_submit drop primary key; #dont worry, this will only drop the primary key and leave the data and column intact.

nagios_upgrade_issue

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Nagios_upgrade_issue Nagios would not start after upgrading from sarge to etch. Again, the problem was that old configs were kept, rather than installing the new version. The problem was: server:~# /etc/init.d/nagios start Starting nagios monitoring daemon: nagios Nagios 1.4 Copyright

ncftp

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Ncftp = Installation = apt-get install ncftp = Basic Usage = :~$ ncftp ncftp> bookmarks #create a new bookmark or connect to current bookmarks ncftp -u username hostname #You will be prompted then to enter a password = Settings File = cat ~/.ncftp/bookmarks #This will be where the bookmarks are stored.

netsaint_nagios

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Netsaint_/_Nagios Nagios is a Network Monitoring Service :: Setup and Install It can monitor several services on several hosts and notify by email etc. a certain group depending on the levels of measurement. To keep it simple: apt-get install nagios-text

nfs

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

NFS Network File Share Install on Server apt-get install nfs-kernel-server nfs-common portmap Install on Client apt-get install nfs-common portmap Config on the server: vi /etc/exports /home 195.12.32.2(rw,no_root_squash) www.first.com(ro) /usr 195.12.32.2/24(ro,insecure)

nikto

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Nikto apt-get install nikto From the “man” page: Nikto is designed to examine web servers and look for items in multiple categories: #misconfigurations #default files and scripts #insecure files and scripts #outdated software #Determine apache version

nmap

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Nmap = nmap - Network exploration tool and security scanner = Install It might be installed as default. If not: apt-get install nmap Example nmap -P0 -sT -F -o -A ip.address.here // -P0 = do not try to ping ipaddress. Some firewalls block ICMP

ntp_-_network_time_protocol

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Ntp_-_Network_Time_Protocol = NTP - Network Time Protocol = In order to keep the server with an accurate timekeeper - the server is setup to update its time via ntp.hea.net. This server can then if require, act as a ntp server for a local network.

obtain_root_shell_after_booting

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Obtain_root_shell_after_booting Most people use a LiveCD or use single-user-mode. Another way is to edit grub and pass a init=/bin/bash option at the end of the kernel config line. 1. At the Grub Menu (for debian, blue square with text entries), select the boot line and press

ongoing_experiences_with_xen

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Ongoing_Experiences_with_Xen 4th Dec 2006 Xen Report Today after trying to kill a vnc session vncserver -kill :1 The domU hung at 99.9% cpu (which was seen using xm top on dom0. After waiting a nice few minutes to see if it'd sort itself out - it didnt

oom

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Oom = OOM - Out of Memory = Am oom refers to both RAM and SWAP all been used up. It pretty much cripples the server. By default an oom_killer kicks in and should kill the offending process. However with a lamp stack (MySQL and Apache) oom_killer does not do a good job (in my opinion).

openvpn

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Openvpn I havn't had a chance to test this out fully. Here are some links and info which I have come across on this topic. Install apt-get install openvpn Config Configs are kept in /etc/openvpn/ Errors on Starting openvpn Error message is: “

password_audit_securing

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Password_Audit_&_Securing Strong passwords are a MUST. Secure connections are also a MUST. I.E. no ftp etc. Audit Passwords To audit your passwords - you need to install a program called 'john the ripper' or simply “john” apt-get install john john -single /etc/passwd # does a single pass john -single /etc/shadow (if exists) john /etc/passwd # does all three passes john # to get all available options. john /path/to/htpasswd # also happily does htaccess passwords!

pine_pine_set-up_pinegpg

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-10-21T23:51:55+00:00

Pine,_pine_set-up_&_pinegpg Pine Mail Reader edit: Dont know if Pine can be got via apt-get because of licencing
Download a deb file for pine & install
Useful hits on installing & uninstalling a deb file
apt-get install alpine Pine User Config

planet

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Planet Planet Venus downloads rss news feeds published by web sites and aggregates their content together into a single combined feed, latest news first. apt-get install planet-venus mkdir /var/www/planetsw/ mkdir /var/www/planetsw/themes cp /usr/share/planet-venus/example/default.ini /var/www/planetsw/planet.conf cp -R /usr/share/planet-venus/theme/classic_fancy /var/www/planetsw/themes/ cp -R /usr/share/planet-venus/theme/common /var/www/planetsw/themes/

port_forwarding

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Port_forwarding To port Forward general ports from a Linux box to a Windows Client Problem: MySQL will only allow connections coming from localhost.
Solution: Port Forward port 3306 through a SSH tunnel. Connect to MYSQL on mysql.server.ie Putty: mysql.server.ie:22 user = steve pass = usual one
SSH Tunnel: Source port: 3306 Destination: localhost:3306 (Local Port)

postfix_smtp

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-21T19:50:26+00:00

Postfix_SMTP Install as per normal apt-get install postfix Choose Internet Site Config. After Install - Main folder = /etc/postfix Main file = main.cf Basic Changes: Just the name used to identify server myhostname = mail.domain.com # disable lookup of usernames disable_vrfy_command = yes Remove hash beside delay_warning_time = 4h

pptp_-_vpn

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

PPTP_-_vpn = pptpd : VPN Server = Scenario: I want to install a VPN server on a linux server which is connected to both a Private Lan, and to the Internet. I want to be able to allow Windows and Linux clients easily connect to this VPN with no hassle. We are going to use pptpd on debian, as it is on apt, and Windows clients can easily connect.

procmail_-_setup_with_postfix

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Procmail_-_setup_with_postfix = Installing and Setting up Procmail = Installing procmail is easy. apt-get install procmail Config Procmail and Postfix With my setup of Postfix as described here, I needed to tell postfix to hand off emails to procmail which then delivers to local users along with checking of a users .procmailrc file in their home directory. The following line in /etc/postfix/main.cf took care of it nicely. There are other ways - however this was the first to work. vi /etc/…

procmail

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-24T11:36:19+00:00

Procmail Procmail - Mail Filtering Procmail is a Mail processor which can forward, sort, or just about do anything with emails. Procmail is mainly a USER run program, where users determine what they want sorted etc. etc. The users procmail script is located in /home/$USER/.procmailrc

proftpd_server

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

ProFTPd_Server Setting up A FTP Server on Debian apt-get install proftpd-basic Choose the “Standalone” Version. After the installation the server will be running, and will grant access to all user accounts upon the host. The config file is in /etc/proftpd/proftpd.conf DefaultRoot ~

provide_boot_menu_options_for_vms_accessible_using_vnc

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Provide_Boot_Menu_options_for_VMs_accessible_using_VNC Note: This did not work on a Debian Lenny Host. It worked OK for Debian Squeeze (with more recent libvirt and kvm). virsh shutdown deb01 //make sure it actually shuts down via acpi virsh edit deb01

pwgen

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Pwgen To generate a password on Linux (needs util installed) pwgen

quota

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Quota Quota for Disk Space Usage To prevent users from filling up the hard disk - quotas are needed. It can be done on a user or group level. The group level will be chosen, although only specific users will have quotas. Here is how: 1. Edit /etc/fstab, and change
/dev/sda1 / ext3 defaults,errors=remount-ro 0 1
/dev/sda1 / ext3 defaults,errors=remount-ro,usrquota,grpquota 0 1

raid_1_and_mdadm

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

RAID_1_and_mdadm

raid_1_and_xen_dom0

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

RAID_1_and_Xen_(dom0) Converting a Live Working Xen (dom0) to RAID 1 Create RAID 1 with current Live disk Missing cfdisk /dev/sda sda2 = 34850.52 cfdisk /dev/sdb create new primary partition - fs type - linux raid autodetect apt-get install mdadm #mdadm

raid_1_on_xen

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

RAID_1_on_Xen

recommended_packages_to_install

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Recommended_Packages_to_Install * Install fail2ban_-_Debian_Etch_only to prevent ssh and/or ftp password attacks.

rename

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Rename Rename Files or Extensions If you want to rename a folder of *.JPG's to *.jpg: rename JPG jpg *.JPG The above does not work on Debian sarge - because perl expression is installed. Try this to rename all files to lower case: rename 'y/A-Z/a-z/' *

resize_create_partitions_in_debian

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Resize_&_Create_Partitions_in_Debian Resize a Current Partition * A boot disk or Live CD, or Rescue System is required to run the commands below I needed to shrink a 135gb ext3 partition to 35gb, leaving space for another partition. parted //

resize_increase_the_size_of_a_file_based_domu_xen_filesystem

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Resize/Increase_the_Size_of_a_File_Based_DomU_Xen_Filesystem Background File based Images are sometimes used as a quick method to getting a DomU guest Xen up and running. LVM is the production method allowing for simple resizing. File based Images however, can be increased in size.

resize_partitions

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Resize_Partitions

resize_raid_array_and_create_second_array

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Resize_raid_array_and_create_second_array Misc commands to resize raid array and create a second array parted /dev/sda #resize 3 #gave out an error saying unsupported features. It showed what features were supported with resize. I needed to see what features were been used on the partition: dumpe2fs /dev/sda3 debugfs -w /dev/sda3 -R

reverse_proxy_with_apache_mod_proxy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Reverse_Proxy_with_apache_mod_proxy So with public IPv4 addresses running out, when moving over to my new KVM hosting setup, I had to give a Private IP 192.168.1.x to some VPSs and then setup a reverse proxy. Setup of mod_proxy Assuming you have debian or ubuntu, its simple: a2enmod proxy a2enmod proxy_http

rootkit_detection

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Rootkit_Detection = Chkrootkit - Check for signs of a rootkit = apt-get install chkrootkit //configure yes for run daily //options are in /etc/chkrootkit.conf RUN_DAILY=“true” RUN_DAILY_OPTS=“-q” DIFF_MODE=“true” //note - this line may/maynot be in Debian Sarge.

roundcube

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-27T21:56:12+00:00

Roundcube So a few people said to me how squirrelmail was slow and another few people who had 1000's of emails in their inbox and squirrelmail wouldn't cut it. I did think of using ilohamail as it was on apt-get, but I heard and used roundcube before, so I said I'd go with that, even though it wasn't on apt-get for lenny.

rsync

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-10-21T19:47:42+00:00

Rsync Syntax: rsync -ave ssh user@server:source destination Example: rsync -ave ssh user@server:/home/steviewdr/public_html /home/steviewdr/ #or rsync -ave "ssh -p 2222" /home/user/folder/ username@remotedestinationserver:/home/user/folder/ Scenario - Migrating MySQL Server

samba

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Samba To Setup Samba File Server - Simple apt-get install samba chose a workgroup
default setup is good
To setup user acc (mst be in passwd) with Samba passwd: smbpasswd -a user Thats it. Config file is /etc/samba/smb.conf
Config options: writable = yes

scp

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Scp Syntax: scp source username@host:destination scp username@host:sourcefile destintation

screen

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-21T20:36:37+00:00

Screen Screen - Screen Manager for Linux - Exceptionally Useful Screen is a Window Manager for a Linux SSH Terminal. Similar to having Multiple Desktops and applications, screen provides just that for the Command Line Interface (CLI). As screen runs on the server, if you are downloading a file onto the server etc. or compiling a programme, and your net connection drops, your Screen

script

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Script = script :: How to Log or Record a SSH Terminal Session/Exerpt = Copying and pasting text from putty into notepad (for use in an email for example) is less than ideal. Although screen can be setup to record/log a screen session, it cannot be done on the fly (immediately).

search_for_all_processes_and_kill_them_all

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Search_for_all_Processes_and_kill_them_all So I had a lot of apache processes running and I wanted to kill them all. pkill -9 www-data #didn't work kill -9 id #did work Script: for process in `ps -eaf | grep www-data | awk '{print $2}'`; do kill -9 $process; done #worked a charm

search_script

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Search_script Search for a String (piece of text) in a Directory #!/usr/bin/perl
#Folder to Begin Search #Mine First $phpdir = “/home/steviewdr/”; #$phpdir = “/home/”;
#Log File $logfile = “/home/steviewdr/mysql_php.log

secure_backup

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Secure_Backup Backup with TAR - GPG Encryption tar zcf - public_html/ | gpg --encrypt --default-recipient-self > backup.tar.gz.gpg tar -cvf file.tar filestobetared tar cvf - filestobetared file.tar v = verbose - do a print out of the lines z = instead of verbose - gzip it. c = create f = files

secure_outgoing_smtp_via_postfix_courier_tls_and_sasl

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-22T23:47:29+00:00

Secure_Outgoing_SMTP_via_Postfix,_Courier,_TLS_and_SASL For more recent setup with Debian Bullseye, please see: secure_smtpd_using_postfix_and_sasl Note: Details below are old and may not apply *OK. First off: apt-get apt-get install postfix-tls libsasl2-2 sasl2-bin libsasl2-modules

sed

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Sed = SED - Stream Editor: Edit files via bash = Example of replacing text sed -i “s/wordtoreplace/wordtoreplacewith/” /path/to/file/file.txt # -i = Edit File in place # s/ = s/regexp/replacement/ (search regexp and replace) Replace all instances of text in a line

sendmail

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Sendmail Sendmail - the default mailing system on Linux Computers Php's mail() function uses sendmail. However what if sendmail is broken, or php's mail() is broken. Here is how to send an email using sendmail on the command line: /usr/lib/sendmail email@address type in message then and type some more To send email press CTRL+D

server_set-up_details_of_kartbuilding.net

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Server_Set-up_&_Details_of_Kartbuilding.net #redirect Details, Installation, & Set-up of Debian based Servers

setup_of_windows_domu_on_debian_lenny_dom0

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Setup_of_Windows_domU_on_Debian_lenny_dom0 Dom0 Setting vi /etc/xen/xend-config.sxp (vnc-listen '0.0.0.0') #the above allows any computer connect to view with VNC. #change to 127.0.0.1 to restrict viewing with VNC to dom0 VM disk based image setup: mkdir -p /xens/vm02 dd if=/dev/zero of=/xens/vm02/disk-vm02.img bs=1024k count=20000

setup_of_windows_server_2008_guest_on_kvm

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Setup_of_Windows_Server_2008_Guest_on_KVM If you followed the setup of the KVM host at KVM_Setup_on_Debian_Squeeze you will notice that we are using libvirt to manage and control KVM. You should also have a Linux Virtual Machine setup using virt-install. This is required, as we are going to copy its libvirt xml config, edit it and then save it and create our own config for this Windows VM.

setup-config-debian-bullseye

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-24T16:18:06+00:00

This page outlines some of the noteworthy points on setting up Debian Bullseye on a hetzner Cloud server. Apache Setup apt-get install apache2 apt-get install libapache2-mod-php apt-get install default-mysql-server (mariadb is now default) mysql_secure_installation ( https://tecadmin.net/how-to-install-mariadb-on-debian-11/ ) apt-get install php-mysql a2enmod userdir vi /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/php7.4.conf comment out lines to enable php for userdirs adduser kartbuilding cd /home/kartbu…

shorewall_firewall

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Shorewall_Firewall Shorewall provides a front-end to iptables. It allows configuration of iptables without knowing actual ports, but rather services running, such as Web, SSH, SVN etc. etc. Shorewall is a large application which handles the following Jobs:

smart

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

SMART Install apt-get install smartmontools Test smartctl smartctl -a -d ata /dev/sda <-> Debian Etch smartctl -a /dev/sda Config Default Smart Service vi /etc/smartd.conf #DEVICESCAN -m root -M exec /usr/share/smartmontools/smartd-runner #comment out the above, and include the following for the two hard disks. /dev/sda -a

smartd_and_smartmontools_problem_issue

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Smartd_and_smartmontools_problem/issue After apt-get dist-upgrade from Sarge to Debian Etch, the last task it was to do, was to upgrade and restart smartd. Error The following error was obtained: Installing new version of config file /etc/init.d/smartmontools

smbmount

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Smbmount Mount a Windows Share in Linux Example: smbmount //ecenotes/et4757 /home/steviewdr/map_folder -oip=136.201.5.149,username=staff\\stephen.burke Example: Mount a share under a Particular User (uid), or Group (gid), smbmount //ecenotes/et4757 /home/steviewdr/map_folder -oip=136.201.5.149,username=staff\\stephen.burke,uid=####

smokeping

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-21T23:50:02+00:00

Smokeping Smokeping is a very useful daemon which can run a number of checks at certain intervals. Out of the box it will perform ping tests on hosts every 5 minutes. It can however be setup to monitor websites and response/connection times. Updated for Debian Bullseye

snmpd_mrtg

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Snmpd_&_mrtg SNMPD - Simple Network Management Protocol Daemon to respond to SNMP requests MRTG - Multi Router Traffic Grapher MRTG uses SNMPD to collect information on the Network Traffic of a Computer/ Router. Setup Network Traffic Monitoring:

snort

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Snort = Snort - Network Intrusion Detection = The final install and config is a work in progress. Here are some references for the time being:

spamassassin_setup_and_config

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Spamassassin_setup_and_config Installing and Setting up Spamassassin Not done yet. User Config User Setup #1 Spamassassin is called by procmail. A .procmailrc in a users home directory forwards/filters emails via spamassassin. The default lines for spamassassin to be included into .procmailrc are:

sqlite

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Sqlite = Using SQLite = #Open SQLite database sqlite databasefile #List tables .tables #Desc tables .schema users #Select select * from users; #Update table update users set email=“test@test.com” where email=“wrongemail@test.com

squid_issue_etch_and_a_2.4_kernel

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Squid_Issue,_Etch_and_a_2.4_Kernel The latest version of Squid Proxy in Etch requires a 2.6 kernel. Debian no longer support 2.4 kernels. For a some reason, VMware workstation will not accept any 2.6kernel. Diagnosis Squid would not start. Looking in /var/log/syslog showed: Apr 12 23:36:36 kartbuilding squid

squid_proxy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Squid_Proxy Setup Squid Proxy Server apt-get install squid Installs basic - but with no options.
Config Squid Proxy for Inital Use The following options were added into /etc/squid/squid.conf
http_port 3128 //as an alternative to above, as I just wanted to access squid locally, I had: http_port 127.0.0.1:3128

squirrelmail

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Squirrelmail Installing SquirrelMail apt-get install squirrelmail /usr/sbin/squirrelmail-configure
symlink squirrelmail to mail in /var/www ln -s /usr/share/squirrelmail webmail Open up port 143 for IMAP on localhost - no need for TLS or SSL - because on same server
Check Iptables file to make sure of this:

ssh

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Ssh Remained Logged in Via SSH Sometimes connections drop between servers when ssh'd in. Skynet is an example of this. Add these lines to .ssh/config Host * ServerAliveInterval 120 ServerAliveCountMax 3 ssh host based authentication This allows people logged into Server A automatically log into Server B without a password *or* sshkeys. Auth is via the Servers. Here is the main how-to:

sshfs

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Sshfs = sshfs - Mount a remote directory locally over ssh = In case you dont have samba on your remove server, in which case you could use smbmount, there is sshfs which will allow you to mount directory on a remote server over ssh. Install apt-get install sshfs modprobe fuse

sshkeys

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-23T11:07:20+00:00

Sshkeys Creating SSH Keys for rsync or ssh etc. Create keys on local machine ssh-keygen Copy Public Key (id_dsa.pub) to PC you want to log into scp ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub username@host: On the PC you want to log into go to the .ssh folder in the home dir and add the key in to the authorised keys file

strace

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Strace = STRACE - Traces System Calls and Signals = Strace is used for debugging process etc. which may be causing high CPU usage etc. which may be identified using “top” and/or “ps -eaf” etc. Problem: A particular process is eating/using up CPU time. There are no logs from the process/program itself and you need to find out what is causing the bottleneck/problem.

sun_jdk

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Sun_jdk Suns Java Developer Kit is "non-free" and has to be built for Debian Sarge. In order to Build, or make the .DEB package for Debian sarge - the following are required to specifically make java packages: apt-get install fakeroot java-package

suphp

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

SuPHP Not Implemented/ Tested Yet. suPHP - Module for Apache to run Php scripts as their owner.

synergy

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Synergy Synergy -> Control a number of Computers with 1 mouse and keyboard Notes: * Synergy does not currently share graphics or switch displays. 2 Monitors must be used. * Synergy is only good for Physical Boxes with their own displays. This software

syntax_highlighting_problems_with_vim

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Syntax_Highlighting_Problems_with_vim After upgrading from sarge to Etch, vim encountered a few problems. Namely: Error detected while processing /usr/share/vim/vim70/syntax/syntax.vim: line 42: E216: No such group or event: filetypedetect BufRead Press ENTER or type command to continue

sysv-rc-conf

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Sysv-rc-conf sysv-rc-conf - Run level configurator (front-end) for init.d scripts (Debian) apt-get install sysv-rc-conf To Run, type in: sysv-rc-conf A graphical list of all items stored in /etc/init.d/ will be listed. Items placed in this directory must be given a run-level.

tail

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Tail TAIL - Output last part of a File Syntax:
tail -f -n x file (-n, where x= number of lines; -f = follows - constantly updates) tail -f -n 100 textfile.pl

tar

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-21T00:01:24+00:00

Tar TAR - Archive Utility Tar up specific files or folders: tar -cvf files Tar up all files and folders (full stop implies all): tar -cvf . Once tar'ed up - gzip them: gzip UnTar Files and Folders (be very careful - you dont know where files will untar to!!):

tcpdump

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Tcpdump = tcpdump - dump traffic on a network = Usage tcpdump #on its own it will list all packets #quite slow and shows too much tcpdump -n #does not resolve IP addresses tcpdump -n | grep IP address tcpdump dst ipaddress #shows traffic with the destination of the IP tcpdump src ipaddress #shows traffic with the source of the IP tcpdump src ipaddress -c 1 #capture 1 packet and stop tcpdump src ipaddress -c 1 -X #show contents of the packet tcpdump src ipaddress -c 1 -XX -vv…

tomfmason_fedora_server_setup

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Tomfmason_Fedora_Server_Setup = Current Setup & Config of Tomfmason's Fedora Server = A few of us over at phpfreaks are planning to organise and setup a QualityCoders group. Tom (tomfmason) has kindly loaned the use of his rented server to help the cause.

trac_and_svn

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Trac_and_SVN Trac (interface to Subversion and integrated wiki) and SVN (subversion) Trac is an enhanced wiki and issue tracking system for software development projects. It provides a Graphical front end to SVN where diffs in files can be obtained. It

try_and_install_vmware_on_domu_to_run_windows

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Try_and_install_vmware_on_domU_to_run_Windows Install vmware server on domU Xen In order to get an install of windows working on my remote server (just for testing purposes) I tried putting vmware ontop of a XEN guest OS (domU). Here is what I done:

upgrade_domu_to_lenny

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Upgrade_domU_to_Lenny Debian Lenny (version 5) was released on the 14th of Feb, 2009. I decided to upgrade one of my domU's to Lenny to see how the dist-upgrade went. apt-get dist-upgrade A nice email was sent to root with all the changes. There were a few questions about restarting services, and selecting which default configs to keep.

upgrade_trac

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Upgrade_Trac A few things seemed to have changed with Trac once I dist-upgraded Trac on Lenny. Old Code ScriptAlias /~sburke/skynet06 /usr/share/trac/cgi-bin/trac.cgi Problem /usr/share/trac/cgi-bin/trac.cgi didn't exit. Find new Trac files dpkg -L trac | grep cgi This gave, amongst other results: /usr/share/pyshared/trac/web/cgi_frontend.py

upgrade_xen_on_dom0

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Upgrade_Xen_on_dom0 = dist-upgrade dom0 = cat /etc/apt/sources.list deb stable main deb-src stable main apt-get dist-upgrade The upgrade itself went very well. There were the usual prompts and questions about whether to keep default configs, which I accepted. Make sure you have sufficient room on /boot also for the new kernels! If not, then apt-get remove some of the older unused kernels.

users_manage

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Users_manage Adding and Removing Users Its also worth taking a look in /etc/passwd for listing of users. adduser blah userdel blah groupadd users //Create a Group adduser username users //Add a Member into the above group (Not making it their primary group)

using_trac_svn

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Using_Trac_&_Svn There are two specific URLs to take note of: Your Trac Account at: https://server/~username/projectname Your SVN repository at: https://server/svn/projectname Using Trac The first URL (e.g. ) is the wiki and Trac Web Interface to your SVN account. You can login, and update whatever details you require, (e.g. project wiki, timelines, milestones etc.) Note that this Trac Web Interface is only for updating project details. No SVN checki…

vi_vim

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Vi/vim = Vi/Vim - Text Editor = Additional Configuration Syntax Highlighting By default - vim doesnt have syntax highlighting turned on. Vi (previous version to “VImproved”) does not have this syntax highlighting feature (as far as Im aware). ::apt-get install vim will install the later version and take the place of vi. Therefore to Turn on Syntax Highlighting: :syntax on

vnstat

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Vnstat = vnstat - Network Traffic Logger and Monitor = vnstat keeps a daily log of network traffic for a specific device (eth0). Information is simply taken from /proc every 5 minutes via cron vnstatd daemon and saved to /var/lib/vnstat What is good about vnstat, unlike munin or mrtg, is that

vodasms

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Vodasms = Send Text Messages (SMS) via your Vodafone/o2 Account = www.vodafone.ie allows you to send 300 free text messages per month, via their website. Instead of having to logon to their website, vodasms (also called o2sms or meteorsms) has been packaged up, via apt, to allow you to send Text Messages via the linux command line.

wall

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Wall = Wall - Write a message to all users = If you want to send a message to all users logged onto a box/server, to announce of a forthcoming reboot etc. wall is the command used to message all users (including those who have messages turned off - mesg n)

wc

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Wc = WC - Word Count = Count lines or words. ls | wc -l //Count the number of files in a directory List, Print 1st or n'th column, sort, unique, count entries: last | awk '{ print $1}' | sort | uniq | wc -l Sorting Sort by Memory Usage: ps aux | sort -n -k4

webalizer

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Webalizer Webalizer is used to read through Apache Logs and generate incremental statistics and reports. All it requires is read access to Apache logs. Webalizer must be run JUST BEFORE Apache rotates its own logs, otherwise gaps will be missing in reports. The reports are useful for showing the number of unique visitors to a particular website/vhost, the bandwith used and the referers to a website.

wine

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Wine = Wine - Windows Emulator = Wine is used for running Windows based programs on Linux. www.winehq.com Wine is not very stable, and as a result, I strongly suggest you look for a similar program with similar functionality. Do a “apt-cache search program” to search for packages/programs.

write

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Write = Write a Message to a User = Standard syntax: write user Type message here and here and here. When finished hit. Write to a User on a specific Terminal:
Useful if users are running screens or are logged in multiple times. write user pts/21 Type in the message and more here if need be.

x_server_upgrading_issues

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

X_Server_Upgrading_Issues Upgrading from sarge to etch went fine. Vncserver is used for the X display as there is no monitor plugged into the server. X and vncserver remained fine after the install and worked ok. For some X applications, Firefox, or Iceweasel as it was renamed in Debian, Font errors appeared. They were similar to:

xen_4.0.1_on_debian_squeeze_dom0_and_domu

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Xen_4.0.1_on_Debian_Squeeze_dom0_and_domU Most of the details on this page are from Debians much improved wiki page at Installation of Xen on Debian Squeeze aptitude -P install xen-linux-system //At this point I prematurely rebooted and went //

xen_binaries

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Xen_Binaries Install Xen3 from Binaries * A base install of Debian Sarge is required. mkdir -p /root/xen cd /root/xen export http_proxy=“” wget tar -pzxf xen-3.0.2-install-x86_32.tgz cd xen-3.0.2-install/ ./install.sh Debian Sarge still lacks some of the essential tools to make an initial ramdisk to boot up dom0. mkinitrd (debian stable) wont work and only creates devfs. mkinitramfs is…

xen_networking

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Xen_Networking This guide shows the types of networks Xen can be used on, or to set-up. It uses default configurations of xen, in their most simplest form. Firewalls and security is not discussed here. Feel free to email the author comments at: sburke

xen_source_and_compiling

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Xen_Source_and_Compiling mkdir -p /root/xensrc cd /root/xensrc export http_proxy=“” //if required. wget tar -xvzf xen-3.0.2-src.tgz apt-get remove exim4 exim4-base lpr nfs-common portmap pidentd pcmcia-cs pppoe pppoeconf ppp pppconfig apt-get install iproute bridge-utils python-twisted gcc-3.3 binutils make zlib1g-dev python-dev transfig bzip2 debootstrap libcurl3-dev libncurses5-dev

xen-tools

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Xen-tools = Setting up Trainee Admin Xen VMs Automatically = This how-to guide covers streamlining the setting up of Xen VMs using xen-tools. The setting up of Xen and VMs is also discussed here: Admin/SetupGuides/SettingUpXenVMs In brief, to Create a VM ssh dom0 xen-create-image

xendebianbackports

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

XenDebianBackports Install Xen 3 from Scratch on Debian Sarge using Backports Introduction to Backports Debian Backports are created to allow newer software run on existing systems. * This How-to is the EXACT same as is outlined here: Add in Backports

xfce-vncserver

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Xfce-vncserver The following will allow vnc to start a X desktop. This VM is run on KVM. Install VNCServer and XFCE apt-get install vnc4server apt-get install xfce4 //do a reboot if you like. No x should be started on reboot. //check services with sysv-rc-conf

zgrep

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:19+00:00

Zgrep = zgrep - Search for a text string in gzipped file(s) = If you want to search through .gz files etc. there is no need to gunzip them. zgrep will work perfectly. zgrep needle /path/to/file.gz

zip

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-07-19T21:13:20+00:00

Zip Create a Zip file (of a collection of files) on Linux (debian) for use/unzipping on windows. #Not sure if the next step is needed or if it is fully accurate. apt-get install zip zip -r /pathtostorezip/file.zip /pathtofiles/